PEDAL OPERATED HAND WASH BASIN

                           
ABSTRACT
The project is used to operate the water pipe for hand washing purpose through the easy operation of pressing the pedal. The pedal is easily operatable in any persons even children can also use this. This equipment is automatic ,so this project is very useful for using on hotels, restaurents ,public areas and home uses.This pedal operated hand wash is operated by a limit switch ,solenoid valve, and a control unit. We had just implemented our basic mechanical knowledge and designing skills for designing and fabricating this project








ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we thank the GOD and our PARENTS for motivating and helping us to complete this project work successfully. We team it a privilege to have been a student of Mechanical Engineering in Rohini College of Engineering & Technology, Palkulam.
We express heartfelt gratitude to our beloved principal                                       Dr. K.SASI M.Tech, Ph.D., MBA for the encouragement and his kind permission to do this project work.
We wish to mention our special thanks for the valuable ideas and plans given to us by Mr. N.SUBRAMONIA PILLAI M.E, (Ph.D.) our beloved Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering and for the timely advice and suggestion.
We wish to mention our sincere and heartfelt thanks to our project guide Mr.STANLY SELVAKUMAR.M,M.E Assistant professor,Department of Mechanical Engineering, for his valuable guidance and his good support, encouragement which helped  us in completing of  the  project work  with  in the stipulated  period of time. We also thank to all the teaching & Nonteaching faculty members of our Mechanical Engineering Department of our college for directing and helping us to do our project work in a successful and proper way.



TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO.                                 TITLE                            PAGE NO.
                                                 ABSTRACT                                         1
                                                 LIST  OF FIGURES                             5
1                                               INTRODUCTION                                7
2                                               MATERIALS AND                              9
                                                      METHODOLOGY
                                                 2.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE                  9
                                                 2.2 CONSTRUCTION                           10
                                                 2.3 WATER TANK                                10
                                                 2.4 SOLENOID VALVE                        11
                                                              2.4.1 Types                                 11
                                                              2.4.2 Components                       11
                                                  2.5 WATER PIPE                                   15
                                                  2.6 WASH TRAY                                   15
                                                  2.7 PEDAL                                              15
                                                  2.8 LIMIT SWITCH                               16
                                                              2.8.1 Types                                  17
                                                  2.9 CONTROL UNIT                              20
                                                              2.9.1 Functions                             20
                                                  2.10 DESIGN                                           23
                                                  2.11 APPLICATIONS                             24
                                                  2.12 ADVANTAGES                              24
                                                  2.13 MODIFICATIONS                          24
3                                            CONCLUSION                                            27
 


                                         














           
                             




                                        LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO               FIGURE NAME            PAGE NO
           2.1                                    Solenoid valve                        14
           2.2                                    Limit switch                            17
           2.3                                    Snap switch                             19
           2.4                                    Schematic diagram                  23














CHAPTER 1


 

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The name of our project is PEDAL OPERATED WASH BASIN .The project is used to operate the water pipe for hand washing purpose through the easy operation of pressing the pedal. The pedal is easily operatable by any person even children also can use this. This equipment is automatic so this project is very useful for using on hotels, restaurants, public areas and home use.
 The water tank is fixed on the top of this equipment which is used to store the water, the solenoid valve fixed below the water tank and it have two ports one is connected to the main pipe another one is connected to the water outlet pipe. The center of the equipment contains the wash tray arrangement for collecting the used water the wash tray arrangement’s backside have a pipe for exit the used water to out. The bottom of the equipment have pedal and spring arrangement and also have a limit switch on the bottom of the pedal.
  When the pedal is pressed the pedal’s bottom part press the limit switch then the limit switch is provide the instruction to the control unit and the control unit operates the solenoid valve then the water comes out for hand washing whenever we need water just press the pedal to get the water from this equipment.









CHAPTER 2


 

                2.0  METHODS AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE:
The water tank is fixed on the top of this equipment which is used to store the water, the solenoid valve fixed below the water tank and it have two ports one is connected to the main pipe another one is connected to the water outlet pipe. The center of the equipment contains the wash tray arrangement for collecting the used water (waste water) the wash tray arrangement’s backside have a pipe for exit the used water to out. The bottom of the equipment have pedal and spring arrangement and also have a limit switch on the bottom of the pedal. When the pedal is pressed the pedal’s bottom part press the limit switch then the limit switch is provide the instruction to the control unit and the control unit operates the solenoid valve then the water comes out for hand washing whenever we need water just press the pedal to get the water from this equipment. This equipment is an easily operated so anyone can operate this equipment so this is applicable for hotels, restaurants and homes.






2.2 CONSTRTUCTION

This project consists the following parts :

 Water tank
 Solenoid valve
 Water pipe
 Wash tray
 Pedal
 Limit switch
 Control unit

2.3 WATER TANK:
A water tank is a container for storing water. The need for a water tank is as old as civilization, providing storage of water for drinking water, irrigation agriculture, fire suppression, agricultural farming, both for plants and livestock, chemical manufacturing, as well as many other applications. Water tank parameters include the general design of the tank, and choice of construction materials. Various materials are used for making a watertank: plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene), fiberglass, concrete, stone, steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless), Earthen ponds function as water storage. Water tanks are an efficient way to help developing countries, LEDCs, to store clean water.
2.4 SOLENOID VALVE:
A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold. Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found   application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching,high reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design
2.4.1 TYPES:

Many variations are possible on the basic, one-way, one-solenoid valve described above:
• one- or two-solenoid valves
•                      direct current or alternating current powered
different number of ways and positions

2.4.2 COMPONENT:
Solenoid valve designs have many variations and challenges. Common components of a solenoid valve:
• Solenoid subassembly
• Retaining clip (a.k.a. coil clip)
• Solenoid coil (with magnetic return path)
• Core tube (a.k.a. armature tube, plunger tube, solenoid valve tube, sleeve, guide assembly)
• Plugnut (a.k.a. fixed core)
• Shading coil (a.k.a. shading ring)
• Core spring (a.k.a. counter spring)
• Core (a.k.a. plunger, armature)                                                                                  
• Core tube–bonnet seal
• Bonnet (a.k.a. cover)
• Bonnet–diaphram–body seal
• Hanger spring
• Backup washer
• Diaphram
• Bleed hole
• Disk
• Valve body
• Seat
The core or plunger is the magnetic component that moves when the solenoid is energized. The core is coaxial with the solenoid. The core's movement will make or break the seals that control the movement of the fluid. When the coil is not energized, springs will hold the core in its normal position.

The plug nut is also coaxial. The core tube contains and guides the core. It also retains the plug nut and may seal the fluid. To optimize the movement of the core, the core tube needs to be nonmagnetic.
If the core tube were magnetic, then it would offer a shunt path for the field lines.In some designs, the core tube is an enclosed metal shell produced by deep drawing. Such a design simplifies the sealing problems because the fluid cannot escape from the enclosure, but the design also increases the magnetic path resistance because the magnetic path must traverse the thickness of the core tube twice: once near the plug nut and once near the core. In some other designs, the core tube is not closed but rather an open tube that slips over one end of the plug nut.

           FIGURE: 2.1

2.5 WATER PIPE:
Water pipes are pipes or tubes, frequently made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC/uPVC), ductile iron, steel, castiron, polypropylene, polyethylene, copper, or (formerly) lead, that carry pressurized and treated fresh water to buildings (as part of a municipal water system), as well as inside the building.

2.6 WASH TRAY:
A wash tray (also wash trayer, washbowl, hand basin and wash basin) is a bowl-shaped plumbing fixture used for washing hands, for dishwashing or other purposes. Wash trays generally have taps (faucets) that supply hot and cold water and may include a spray feature to be used for faster rinsing. They also include a drain to remove used water; this drain may itself include a strainer and/or shut-off device and an overflow-prevention device. Wash trays may also have an integrated soap dispenser.
When a wash tray becomes stopped-up or clogged, a person will often resort to use a chemical drain cleaner or a plunger, though most professional plumbers will attack the clog with a drain auger (often called a "plumber's snake").

2.7 PEDAL:
A footoperated lever used to control certain mechanisms, as automobiles, or to play or modify the sounds of certain musicalinstruments, as pianos, organs, or harps.

2.8 LIMIT SWITCH:
In electrical engineering a limit switch is a switch operated by the motion of a machine part or presence of an object.
They are used for controlling machinery as part of a control system, as a safety interlocks, or to count objects passing a point.A limit switch is an electromechanical device that consists of an actuator mechanically linked to a set of contacts. When an object comes into contact with the actuator, the device operates the contacts to make or break an electrical connection.
Limit switches are used in a variety of applications and environments because of their ruggedness, ease of installation, and reliability of operation. They can determine the presence or absence, passing, positioning, and end of travel of an object. They were first used to define the limit of travel of an object; hence the name "Limit Switch".
Standardized limit switches are industrial control components manufactured with a variety of operator types, including lever, roller plunger, and whisker type. Limit switches may be directly mechanically operated by the motion of the operating lever.
A reed switch may be used to indicate proximity of a magnet mounted on some moving part. Proximity switches operate by the disturbance of an electromagnetic field, by capacitance, or by sensing a magnetic field.
Rarely, a final operating device such as a lamp or solenoid valve will be directly controlled by the contacts of an industrial limit switch, but more typically the limit switch will be wired through a control relay, a motor contactor control circuit, or as an input to a programmable logic controller.
Miniature snap-action switch may be used for example as components of such devices as photocopiers, computer printers, convertible tops or microwave ovens to ensure internal components are in the correct position for operation and to prevent operation when access doors are opened.
A set of adjustable limit switches are installed on a garage door opener to shut off the motor when the door has reached the fully raised or fully lowered position.
A numerical control machine such as a lathe will have limit switches to identify maximum limits for machine parts or to provide a known reference point for incremental motions.
     
FIGURE: 2.2

2.8.1 TYPES:
Limit switch performance depends on a number of factors. In addition to the operational parameters and mechanical specifications of a machine, these factors include the size, mounting method, and force capacity of the switch, as well as the stroke rate involved in the operating process. It is important for a limit switch’s electrical rating to match that of the system into which it is installed in order to reduce the potential for instrument failure and ensure proper functioning. The common types of limit switches used in industrial applications include:

• Heavy-Duty Precision Oil-Tight: Also known as the Type C limit switch, this device is highly reliable due to its long electrical and mechanical lifespan. It features a straightforward wiring arrangement and relatively easy installation. The Type C can be equipped with a range of different head and body styles, including a more durable design that is watertight and submersible. It is available in a standard format, as well as with specialized reed contacts.

• Heavy-Duty Oil-Tight and Foundry: When load requirements exceed the capacity range for a precision oil-tight switch, a regular heavy-duty oil-tight model, or Type T, may be needed. It can handle operating sequences unavailable on the Type C and can withstand high trip and reset forces. The heavy-duty foundry limit switch, or Type FT, is commonly used in foundries and mills where Type T operating conditions are coupled with elevated temperatures and foreign materials that may jam other types of switches.

• Miniature Enclosed Reed: This limit switch, also known as Type XA, is a smaller and less expensive device formed from die-cast zinc. It contains a contact array featuring a hermetically sealed reed, which makes it well-suited for applications that require a high level of contact reliability or involve environmental stresses. The switch is normally prewired and can be placed in smaller or harder to reach areas.

• Gravity Return: The gravity return limit switch is usually employed in production line and conveyor operations involving small, lightweight components. This type of switch relies on gravity to reset its contact switches by exerting force on a lever arm and typically functions with a low level of torque. There are several varieties of gravity return switches, including spring return, roller type, lever type, top push, and maintained contact designs.

• Snap Switches: A snap switch is designed to instantly trigger as soon as the mechanism attached to the switch has moved a predetermined distance, regardless of the speed at which the moving part travels. Snap switches are commonly used in applications that require only basic contact parameters and can work with or without an operator. They are effective in machine systems that feature short movements or a slow rate of operation.
 FIGURE: 2.3
2.9 CONTROL UNIT:
The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to a program's instructions. It directs the operation of the other units by providing timing and control signals. Most computer resources are managed by the CU. It directs the flow of data between the CPU and the other devices. John von Neumann included the control unit as part of the von Neumann architecture.

2.9.1 FUNCTIONS OF CONTROL UNIT:
The Control Unit (CU) is digital circuitry contained within the processor that coordinates the sequence of data movements into, out of, and between a processor's many sub-units. The result of these routed data movements through various digital circuits (sub-units) within the processor produces the manipulated data expected by a software instruction (loaded earlier, likely from memory).
 In a way, the CU is the "brain within the brain", as it controls (conducts) data flow inside the processor and additionally provides several external control signals to the rest of the computer to further direct data and instructions to/from processor external destinations (i.e. memory).
Examples of devices that require a CU are CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs). The CU receives external instructions or commands which it converts into a sequence of control signals that the CU applies to the data path to implement a sequence of register-transfer level operations.
More precisely, The Control Unit (CU) is generally a sizable collection of complex digital circuitry interconnecting and controlling the many execution units (i.e. ALU, data buffers, registers) contained within a CPU.
The CU is normally the first CPU unit to accept from an externally stored computer program, a single instruction (based on the CPU’s instruction). The CU then decodes this individual instruction into several sequential steps (fetching addresses/data from registers/memory, managing execution [i.e. data sent to the ALU or I/O], and storing the resulting data back into registers/memory) that controls and coordinates the CPU’s inner works to properly manipulate the data.
The design of these sequential steps are based on the needs of each instruction and can range in number of steps, the order of execution, and which units are enabled. Thus by only using a program of set instructions in memory, the CU will configure all the CPU's data flows as needed to manipulate the data correctly between instructions.
This results in a computer that could run a complete program and requiring no human intervention to make hardware changes between instructions (as had to be done when using only punch cards for computations before stored programmed computers with CUs where invented).
These detailed steps from the CU dictate which of the CPU’s interconnecting hardware control signals to enable/disable or which CPU units are selected/de-selected and the unit’s proper order of execution as required by the instruction’s operation to produce the desired manipulated data.
 Additionally, the CU’s orderly hardware coordination properly sequences these control signals then configures the many hardware units comprising the CPU, directing how data should also be moved, changed, and stored outside the CPU (i.e. memory) according to the instruction’s objective.

Depending on the type of instruction entering the CU, the order and number of sequential steps produced by the CU could vary the selection and configuration of which parts of the CPU’s hardware are utilized to achieve the instruction's objective (mainly moving, storing, and modifying data within the CPU).
This one feature, that efficiently uses just software instructions to control/select/configure a computer’s CPU hardware (via the CU) and eventually manipulates a program’s data, is a significant reason most modern computers are flexible and universal when running various programs. As compared to some 1930s or 1940s computers without a proper CU, they often required rewiring their hardware when changing programs.
This CU instruction decode process is then repeated when the Program Counter is incremented to the next stored program address and the new instruction enters the CU from that address, and so on till the programs end.

Other more advanced forms of Control Units manage the translation of instructions (but not the data containing portion) into several micro-instructions and the CU manages the scheduling of the micro-instructions between the selected execution units to which the data is then channeled and changed according to the execution unit’s function (i.e., ALU contains several functions).


2.10 DESIGN:

FIGURE: 2.4
2.11 APPLICATIONS
 Used in hotels
 Used in restaurentsUsed in homes ,etc..

2.12 ADVANTAGES
 Reduces the water wastage
 Easy to handle
 Low maintenance
 Highly reliable
 Low cost

2.13 MODIFICATIONS
 By using solar panel we can reduce the consumption of electricity







REFERENCE
1. Atul.P.Ganorkar, K.S.Zakiuddin, H.A.Hussain, “An Experiment on Development of Pedal Operated Wash Basin”, IOSR, e-ISSN:2278-1684,(2014).
2. Vishal Garg, Neelesh Khandare, Gautam Yadav, “An Experimental Setup and Design of Pedal Powered Wash Basin”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (Vol.2, Issue.1)(2013).
3. Ademola Samuel Akinwonmi, Stephen Kwasi Adzimah, Fredrick Oppong, “An       Experiment on Pedal Powered Wash Basin for Water Supply Device” ISDE (Vol.3, No.11) (2012).






















CHAPTER 3





 

3.0 CONCLUSION
This project have been developed to create an eco-friendly       environment by avoiding the use of electricity.
The basic intention of this project is to design a system whose working is  mechanical.
This arrangement may prove to be efficient when small discharge of water is needed.